Banning child and forced marriages is gaining traction in Africa

Thandabantu Nhlapo, University of Cape Town

The Zimbabwean Constitutional Court has delivered a landmark decision outlawing all marriages below the age of 18. This includes customary marriages.
Predictably, the move generated a great deal of comment and questions. There were even suggestions that the Zimbabwean decision was

the first of its kind in Africa.

Though inaccurate, the claim legitimately marks the issue as a regional and continental problem. In 2015 Unicef released a report on child marriages which highlighted the scale of the problem on the continent.
The reasons for the phenomenon of child marriage are complex and include the fact that in customary law, marriageable age was never reckoned as an actual number but depended on puberty, which was the indication that the girl was now physically able to bear children.

The rights of girls and young women

The debate about the marriage of young girls has been raging for years in South Africa. It reached a new pitch after a visible spike in the abduction of girls, ostensibly for the purposes of customary marriage, in certain areas of the country.
The perpetrators claim to be practising the custom of ukuthwala. Typically, these abductors force themselves sexually on girls as their “brides”. In some instances the girls are as young as between nine and 14 years old.
In many cases this is justified on the basis that some money or other material consideration has been paid to the parents. This is a vile distortion of the custom of ilobolo (dowry). Parents living in poverty are thus frequently complicit in this human rights violation.
In 2015 in the case of Mvumeleni Jezile v. The State the Western Cape High Court confirmed a 22-year sentence of imprisonment against the adult abductor of a 14-year-old girl under the guise of the ukuthwala custom.
The accused had been charged with several crimes arising from his actions. These included three counts of rape and one count of human trafficking, all of which the appeal tribunal upheld.
A further development in 2015 was the publication by the South African Law Reform Commission (SALRC) of its Revised Discussion Paper on Project 138: The Practice of Ukuthwala.
The Revised Discussion Paper contains a draft Bill, tentatively titled the Prohibition of Forced Marriages and Child Marriages Bill, which is being taken around the country as part of a public consultation process.
The Law Commission is aiming for wide public engagements, particularly with government departments, police services, traditional leaders and rural communities. It also wants to attract commentary from NGOs, other civil society organisations, as well as religious organisations, educators and ordinary citizens.
After these steps, the Law Commission will submit a report to the minister of justice in the hope that the cabinet will give approval for it to be passed into law.
The Bill specifically criminalises forced marriages as well as child marriages. Both are already prohibited by the provisions of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act. The Act has, since 1998, required not only that customary marriages be conducted only with the consent of the partners, but also that the parties should be at least 18 years old.
The Bill lists the existing crimes of abduction, kidnapping, human trafficking, rape and assault as possible verdicts in such cases. It also explicitly strips protection away from these criminal actions that might be claimed under custom or culture practices.
This points immediately to the difficult issues in this debate.

Clash of cultures

For many women’s rights activists, practices such as ukuthwala should be banned in their entirety as being generally inimical to human rights, particularly those of women and the girl child.
On the other hand, cultural activists make the point that the laws of the land are already adequate to target these crimes masquerading as custom. They also argue that it seems arbitrary and discriminatory to treat crime in urban areas as such and suddenly call it “culture” when it occurs in rural areas.
This conflict is but the tip of the iceberg in a country deeply embroiled in increasingly acrimonious contestations between cultural rights and western law.
At the heart of the disputes is something more than the so-called clash of cultures. Some serious misgivings are beginning to emerge about the lack of depth in the national debate about the complexities, sometimes quite intractable, of recognising and accommodating difference while promoting a single nationhood.
Unity in diversity is a nice slogan, but the ideal appears horrendously difficult to realise in practice.
For every opponent of ukuthwala, there will be someone who will remind us that, in its earlier form and function, the practice could have been seen as a subversive avenue empowering youngsters to resist parental authoritarianism. In such cases, the parties were usually consenting lovers of marriageable age who had reason to defy parental expectations and where sex was not sanctioned.
Similarly, criminalisation by the state often ignores the complicity of family in these times of abject poverty. A significant obstacle to the reporting of these perversions is usually the reluctance of the victims to send their own parents to jail, often rupturing the extended family in the process.
Add to this toxic mix the emotions generated by different interpretations of the Constitution by people and organisations with different agendas, and it becomes clear that the Law Commission has its work cut out in attempting a solution without exacerbating already divisive fault lines.

Thandabantu Nhlapo, Emeritus Professor of Private Law, University of Cape Town
This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.